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Общая лексика: общая тематика -
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[ГОСТ 7.74-96]Тематики
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DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > general subject heading
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4 subject
1. n1) тема; вопрос2) предмет, (учебная) дисциплина3) подданный•to keep to the subject — придерживаться темы; не отклоняться от темы
- compulsory subjectsto stick to the subject — придерживаться темы; не отклоняться от темы
- deviation from the subject
- economic subject
- forbidden subject
- foreign subject
- general subject
- loyal subject
- on the subject of smth
- optional subjects
- subject of a book
- subject of negotiations
- subjects of concern to smb
- topical subject 2. v1) подчинять, покорять2) (to) подвергать (воздействию, влиянию)•3. ato subject a country to smb's rule — подчинять страну чьему-л. господству
1) зависимый, подчиненный2) (to) подверженный3) (to) подлежащий; обусловленный (чем-л.); подвластный•- subject nationsto be held subject — находиться в подчинении / в зависимости
- subject to control
- subject to reduction
- subject to -
5 general
general [ˈdʒenərəl]1. adjectivea. généralb. ( = unspecific) [answer, discussion, enquiry] d'ordre généralc. ( = approximate) in the general direction of the village dans la direction approximative du village2. noun3. compounds► General Certificate of Secondary Education noun (British) examen passé à 16 ans ≈ brevet m des collèges → GCSE► general practice noun (British = work) médecine f générale ; ( = place) cabinet m de médecine générale• to be in general practice être médecin généraliste ► general practitioner noun (médecin m ) généraliste m* * *['dʒenrəl] 1.1) Military général m2)2.1) ( widespread) gen généralin general use — [word, term] d'usage courant; [equipment] d'utilisation courante
2) ( overall) gen généralthat's the general idea — en gros, c'est ça l'idée
as a general rule — normalement, en règle générale
3) (miscellaneous, not specific) gen général; [promise, assurance] vague4) ( not specialized) [medicine, linguistics] général; [user, reader] moyen/-ennegeneral office duties — travail m de bureau
general assistant — employé/-e m/f de bureau
5) ( normal) général3.in general adverbial phrase ( usually or non-specifically) en général; (overall, mostly) dans l'ensemble -
6 subject
1.
adjective((of countries etc) not independent, but dominated by another power: subject nations.) dominado, subyugado
2. noun1) (a person who is under the rule of a monarch or a member of a country that has a monarchy etc: We are loyal subjects of the Queen; He is a British subject.) súbdito2) (someone or something that is talked about, written about etc: We discussed the price of food and similar subjects; What was the subject of the debate?; The teacher tried to think of a good subject for their essay; I've said all I can on that subject.) tema, asunto3) (a branch of study or learning in school, university etc: He is taking exams in seven subjects; Mathematics is his best subject.) asignatura4) (a thing, person or circumstance suitable for, or requiring, a particular kind of treatment, reaction etc: I don't think her behaviour is a subject for laughter.) motivo5) (in English, the word(s) representing the person or thing that usually does the action shown by the verb, and with which the verb agrees: The cat sat on the mat; He hit her because she broke his toy; He was hit by the ball.) sujeto
3. səb'‹ekt verb1) (to bring (a person, country etc) under control: They have subjected all the neighbouring states (to their rule).) dominar, subyugar2) (to cause to suffer, or submit (to something): He was subjected to cruel treatment; These tyres are subjected to various tests before leaving the factory.) someter•- subjective
- subjectively
- subject matter
- change the subject
- subject to
subject n1. asignatura2. tema3. súbdito4. sujetoin English, the subject goes before the verb en inglés, el sujeto va delante del verbo1 (theme, topic) tema nombre masculino■ what's your opinion on the subject? ¿qué opinas del tema?2 SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL asignatura3 (citizen) súbdito, ciudadano,-a4 SMALLLINGUISTICS/SMALL sujeto5 (cause) objeto (of/for, de)6 (of experiment) sujeto1 (bring under control) someter, sojuzgar (to, a)1 (subordinate, governed) sometido,-a1 subject to (bound by) sujeto,-a a1 subject to (prone to - floods, subsidence) expuesto,-a a; (- change, delay) susceptible de, sujeto,-a a; (- illness) propenso,-a a1 (conditional on) previo,-a, supeditado,-a a\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto change the subject cambiar de temasubject [səb'ʤɛkt] vt1) control, dominate: controlar, dominar2) : someterthey subjected him to pressure: lo sometieron a presionessubject ['sʌbʤɪkt] adj1) : subyugado, sometidoa subject nation: una nación subyugada2) prone: sujeto, propensosubject to colds: sujeto a resfriarse3)subject to : sujeto asubject to congressional approval: sujeto a la aprobación del congresosubject ['sʌbʤɪkt] n1) : súbdito m, -ta f (de un gobierno)2) topic: tema m3) : sujeto m (en gramática)adj.• asunto, -a adj.• materia adj.• subyugado, -a adj.• sujeto, -a adj.• súbdito, -a adj.• tema adj.n.• asunto s.m.• capítulo s.m.• lectura s.f.• materia s.f.• sujeto s.m.• súbdito s.m.• tema s.m.v.• avasallar v.• dominar v.• someter v.• sujetar v.• supeditar v.
I 'sʌbdʒɪkt1) ( topic) tema mto get off the subject — salirse* or desviarse* del tema, irse* por las ramas
while we're on the subject, who...? — a propósito del tema or ya que estamos hablando de esto ¿quién...?
to be the subject of controversy — ser* objeto de polémica
2) ( discipline) asignatura f, materia f (esp AmL), ramo m (Chi)3) ( Pol) súbdito, -ta m,f4) ( Ling) sujeto m
II 'sʌbdʒɪkt1) ( owing obedience) <people/nation/province> sometido2)a) (liable, prone)to be subject TO something — \<\<to change/delay\>\> estar* sujeto a algo, ser* susceptible de algo; \<\<to flooding/subsidence/temptation\>\> estar* expuesto a algo; \<\<to ill health/depression\>\> ser* propenso a algo
b) ( conditional upon)to be subject TO something — estar* sujeto a algo
III səb'dʒekt1) ( force to undergo)to subject something/somebody TO something — someter algo/a alguien a algo
2) ( make submissive) \<\<nation/people\>\> someter, sojuzgar*1. ['sʌbdʒɪkt]N1) (=topic, theme) tema m ; (=plot) argumento m, asunto m•
to change the subject — cambiar de temachanging the subject... — hablando de otra cosa..., cambiando de tema...
•
it's a delicate subject — es un asunto delicado•
on the subject of... — a propósito de...(while we're) on the subject of money... — ya que de dinero se trata...
•
this raises the whole subject of money — esto plantea el problema general del dinero2) (Scol, Univ) asignatura f3) (Gram) sujeto m4) (Med) caso m5) (Sci)guinea pigs make excellent subjects — los conejillos son materia excelente (para los experimentos etc)
6) (esp Brit) (Pol) súbdito(-a) m / fBritish subject — súbdito(-a) m / f británico(-a)
liberty of the subject — libertad f del ciudadano
2. ['sʌbdʒɪkt]ADJ1) [people, nation] dominado, subyugado2)subject to — (=liable to) [+ law, tax, delays] sujeto a; [+ disease] propenso a; [+ flooding] expuesto a; (=conditional on) [+ approval etc] sujeto a
these prices are subject to change without notice — estos precios están sujetos a cambio sin previo aviso
3.[sǝb'dʒekt]VTI will not be subjected to this questioning — no tolero este interrogatorio or esta interrogación
4.['sʌbdʒɪkt]CPDsubject heading N — título m de materia
subject index N — (in book) índice m de materias; (in library) catálogo m de materias
subject matter N — (=topic) tema m, asunto m ; [of letter] contenido m
subject pronoun N — pronombre m (de) sujeto
* * *
I ['sʌbdʒɪkt]1) ( topic) tema mto get off the subject — salirse* or desviarse* del tema, irse* por las ramas
while we're on the subject, who...? — a propósito del tema or ya que estamos hablando de esto ¿quién...?
to be the subject of controversy — ser* objeto de polémica
2) ( discipline) asignatura f, materia f (esp AmL), ramo m (Chi)3) ( Pol) súbdito, -ta m,f4) ( Ling) sujeto m
II ['sʌbdʒɪkt]1) ( owing obedience) <people/nation/province> sometido2)a) (liable, prone)to be subject TO something — \<\<to change/delay\>\> estar* sujeto a algo, ser* susceptible de algo; \<\<to flooding/subsidence/temptation\>\> estar* expuesto a algo; \<\<to ill health/depression\>\> ser* propenso a algo
b) ( conditional upon)to be subject TO something — estar* sujeto a algo
III [səb'dʒekt]1) ( force to undergo)to subject something/somebody TO something — someter algo/a alguien a algo
2) ( make submissive) \<\<nation/people\>\> someter, sojuzgar* -
7 General
1. adjective1) allgemeinthe general public — weite Kreise der Öffentlichkeit od. Bevölkerung
his general health/manner — sein Allgemeinbefinden/sein Benehmen im allgemeinen
he has had a good general education — er hat eine gute Allgemeinbildung
2) (prevalent, widespread, usual) allgemein; weitverbreitet [Übel, Vorurteil, Aberglaube, Ansicht]it is the general custom or rule — es ist allgemein üblich od. ist Sitte od. Brauch
as a general rule, in general — im allgemeinen
2. nounthe general idea or plan is that we... — wir haben uns das so vorgestellt, dass wir...
(Mil.) General, der* * *['‹enərəl] 1. adjective1) (of, involving etc all, most or very many people, things etc: The general feeling is that he is stupid; His general knowledge is good although he is not good at mathematics.) allgemein2) (covering a large number of cases: a general rule.) allgemein3) (without details: I'll just give you a general idea of the plan.) allgemein4) ((as part of an official title) chief: the Postmaster General.) General-...2. noun- academic.ru/30756/generalize">generalize- generalise
- generalization
- generalisation
- generally
- General Certificate of Education
- general election
- general practitioner
- general store
- as a general rule
- in general
- the general public* * *gen·er·al[ˈʤenərəl]I. adjthe confusion was \general es herrschte allgemeine Verwirrungthe \general feeling das vorherrschende Gefühla \general idea eine verbreitete Vorstellung\general impression Gesamteindruck mto be of \general interest von allgemeinem Interesse seinit is \general practice to do sth es ist allgemein üblich, etw zu tunthe \general reader der Durchschnittsleser/die Durchschnittsleserinas a \general rule in der Regel, im Allgemeinen, normalerweiseto be in \general use allgemein benutzt [o gebraucht] werdenin \general im Allgemeinen, generell2. (for everybody) allgemein, generellmost of the soldiers lived in \general quarters die meisten Soldaten lebten in der Kasernemost of the books in this library are available for \general circulation die meisten Bücher dieser Bücherei können von jedem ausgeliehen werden\general amnesty Generalamnestie f\general meeting Vollversammlung f\general mobilization Generalmobilmachung ffor \general use für den allgemeinen [o normalen] Gebrauchto serve the \general welfare im öffentlichen Interesse sein3. (unspecific) allgemein\general American AM LING die amerikanische Standardsprache\general costs allgemeine Kosten\general semantics LING allgemeine Semantik4. (wide) allgemeinthe school gives the children a \general background die Schule vermittelt den Kindern einen allgemeinen Hintergrund\general education Ausbildung f in den Standardfächern5. (not detailed) allgemein\general idea ungefähre Vorstellungto talk in \general terms [nur] allgemein gültige Aussagen machen, nichts Spezifisches sagen\general comptroller Hauptrechnungsprüfer(in) m(f)\general consulate Generalkonsulat nt\general contractor Hauptunternehmer(in) m(f)Attorney G\general Generalstaatsanwalt, -anwältin m, fConsul G\general Generalkonsul(in) m(f)four-star \general Viersternegeneral(in) m(f)* * *['dZenərəl]1. adjallgemeinthis is not the general view — diese Ansicht wird nicht allgemein geteilt
there was general agreement among the two groups — die beiden Gruppen waren sich grundsätzlich einig
the general attitude toward(s) the war is optimistic — es herrscht allgemein eine optimistische Einstellung zum Krieg
to be in general use —
the general plan or idea is that... — wir hatten uns/sie hatten sich (dat) etc das so gedacht, dass...
the general idea of that is to... — damit soll bezweckt werden, dass..., es geht dabei darum, dass...
that was the general idea —
the general idea is to wait and see — wir/sie etc wollen einfach mal abwarten
I've got the general idea (of it) — ich habe eine Vorstellung or ich weiß so ungefähr, worum es geht
in general terms, in a general sense — generell
she recounted in very general terms the events of recent months —
my general advice would be to leave them alone — grundsätzlich würde ich Ihnen raten, sie in Ruhe zu lassen
general labourer — ungelernter Arbeiter, ungelernte Arbeiterin
general drudge — Mädchen nt für alles
2. n1)to go from the general to the particular — vom Allgemeinen ins Besondere gehen
* * *Gen. abk* * *1. adjective1) allgemeinthe general public — weite Kreise der Öffentlichkeit od. Bevölkerung
his general health/manner — sein Allgemeinbefinden/sein Benehmen im allgemeinen
2) (prevalent, widespread, usual) allgemein; weitverbreitet [Übel, Vorurteil, Aberglaube, Ansicht]it is the general custom or rule — es ist allgemein üblich od. ist Sitte od. Brauch
3) (not limited in application) allgemein; (true of [nearly] all cases) allgemein gültig; generellas a general rule, in general — im allgemeinen
4) (not detailed, vague) allgemein; ungefähr, vage [Vorstellung, Beschreibung, Ähnlichkeit usw.]2. nounthe general idea or plan is that we... — wir haben uns das so vorgestellt, dass wir...
(Mil.) General, der* * *adj.Haupt- präfix.allgemein adj.generell adj.pauschal adj. -
8 general
1. adjective1) allgemeinthe general public — weite Kreise der Öffentlichkeit od. Bevölkerung
his general health/manner — sein Allgemeinbefinden/sein Benehmen im allgemeinen
he has had a good general education — er hat eine gute Allgemeinbildung
2) (prevalent, widespread, usual) allgemein; weitverbreitet [Übel, Vorurteil, Aberglaube, Ansicht]it is the general custom or rule — es ist allgemein üblich od. ist Sitte od. Brauch
as a general rule, in general — im allgemeinen
2. nounthe general idea or plan is that we... — wir haben uns das so vorgestellt, dass wir...
(Mil.) General, der* * *['‹enərəl] 1. adjective1) (of, involving etc all, most or very many people, things etc: The general feeling is that he is stupid; His general knowledge is good although he is not good at mathematics.) allgemein2) (covering a large number of cases: a general rule.) allgemein3) (without details: I'll just give you a general idea of the plan.) allgemein4) ((as part of an official title) chief: the Postmaster General.) General-...2. noun- academic.ru/30756/generalize">generalize- generalise
- generalization
- generalisation
- generally
- General Certificate of Education
- general election
- general practitioner
- general store
- as a general rule
- in general
- the general public* * *gen·er·al[ˈʤenərəl]I. adjthe confusion was \general es herrschte allgemeine Verwirrungthe \general feeling das vorherrschende Gefühla \general idea eine verbreitete Vorstellung\general impression Gesamteindruck mto be of \general interest von allgemeinem Interesse seinit is \general practice to do sth es ist allgemein üblich, etw zu tunthe \general reader der Durchschnittsleser/die Durchschnittsleserinas a \general rule in der Regel, im Allgemeinen, normalerweiseto be in \general use allgemein benutzt [o gebraucht] werdenin \general im Allgemeinen, generell2. (for everybody) allgemein, generellmost of the soldiers lived in \general quarters die meisten Soldaten lebten in der Kasernemost of the books in this library are available for \general circulation die meisten Bücher dieser Bücherei können von jedem ausgeliehen werden\general amnesty Generalamnestie f\general meeting Vollversammlung f\general mobilization Generalmobilmachung ffor \general use für den allgemeinen [o normalen] Gebrauchto serve the \general welfare im öffentlichen Interesse sein3. (unspecific) allgemein\general American AM LING die amerikanische Standardsprache\general costs allgemeine Kosten\general semantics LING allgemeine Semantik4. (wide) allgemeinthe school gives the children a \general background die Schule vermittelt den Kindern einen allgemeinen Hintergrund\general education Ausbildung f in den Standardfächern5. (not detailed) allgemein\general idea ungefähre Vorstellungto talk in \general terms [nur] allgemein gültige Aussagen machen, nichts Spezifisches sagen\general comptroller Hauptrechnungsprüfer(in) m(f)\general consulate Generalkonsulat nt\general contractor Hauptunternehmer(in) m(f)Attorney G\general Generalstaatsanwalt, -anwältin m, fConsul G\general Generalkonsul(in) m(f)four-star \general Viersternegeneral(in) m(f)* * *['dZenərəl]1. adjallgemeinthis is not the general view — diese Ansicht wird nicht allgemein geteilt
there was general agreement among the two groups — die beiden Gruppen waren sich grundsätzlich einig
the general attitude toward(s) the war is optimistic — es herrscht allgemein eine optimistische Einstellung zum Krieg
to be in general use —
the general plan or idea is that... — wir hatten uns/sie hatten sich (dat) etc das so gedacht, dass...
the general idea of that is to... — damit soll bezweckt werden, dass..., es geht dabei darum, dass...
that was the general idea —
the general idea is to wait and see — wir/sie etc wollen einfach mal abwarten
I've got the general idea (of it) — ich habe eine Vorstellung or ich weiß so ungefähr, worum es geht
in general terms, in a general sense — generell
she recounted in very general terms the events of recent months —
my general advice would be to leave them alone — grundsätzlich würde ich Ihnen raten, sie in Ruhe zu lassen
general labourer — ungelernter Arbeiter, ungelernte Arbeiterin
general drudge — Mädchen nt für alles
2. n1)to go from the general to the particular — vom Allgemeinen ins Besondere gehen
* * *general [ˈdʒenərəl]1. allgemein, gemeinschaftlich, Gemeinschafts…2. allgemein (gebräuchlich oder verbreitet), allgemeingültig, üblich, gängig:the general practice das übliche Verfahren;as a general rule meistens, üblicherweise;it seems to be the general rule es scheint allgemein üblich zu sein3. allgemein, Allgemein…, generell, umfassend:the general public die breite Öffentlichkeit, die Allgemeinheit;general term Allgemeinbegriff m;of general interest von allgemeinem Interesse4. allgemein, nicht spezialisiert:the general reader der Durchschnittsleser;general store Gemischtwarenhandlung f5. allgemein (gehalten) (Studie etc):in general terms allgemein (ausgedrückt)6. ganz, gesamt:the general body of citizens die gesamte Bürgerschaft7. ungefähr, unbestimmt:a general idea eine ungefähre Vorstellung8. Haupt…, General…:a) Generalbevollmächtigte(r) m/f(m),b) WIRTSCH Generalvertreter(in);general manager Generaldirektor m;general power of attorney Generalvollmacht f;general sales manager Verkaufsleiter m10. MIL Generals…B s1. MILa) General mb) Heerführer m, Feldherr mc) auch allg Stratege m2. MIL USa) (Vier-Sterne-)General m (zweithöchster Generalsrang)3. REL (Ordens)General m, (General)Obere(r) min general im Allgemeinen, im Großen und Ganzengen. abk1. gender2. general (generally)* * *1. adjective1) allgemeinthe general public — weite Kreise der Öffentlichkeit od. Bevölkerung
his general health/manner — sein Allgemeinbefinden/sein Benehmen im allgemeinen
2) (prevalent, widespread, usual) allgemein; weitverbreitet [Übel, Vorurteil, Aberglaube, Ansicht]it is the general custom or rule — es ist allgemein üblich od. ist Sitte od. Brauch
3) (not limited in application) allgemein; (true of [nearly] all cases) allgemein gültig; generellas a general rule, in general — im allgemeinen
4) (not detailed, vague) allgemein; ungefähr, vage [Vorstellung, Beschreibung, Ähnlichkeit usw.]2. nounthe general idea or plan is that we... — wir haben uns das so vorgestellt, dass wir...
(Mil.) General, der* * *adj.Haupt- präfix.allgemein adj.generell adj.pauschal adj. -
9 general education
общее образование
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
general education
Informal learning or formal instruction with broad application to human existence beyond the domain of any particular subject or discipline, often equated with liberal arts in the university setting and contrasted to courses required for a specific major or program. (Source: ISEP / COE)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > general education
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10 general license
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11 subject to the conditions
English-Russian dictionary of Information technology > subject to the conditions
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12 subject to the general jurisdiction of
юр.Н.П. подведомственныйУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > subject to the general jurisdiction of
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13 subject to our general terms and conditions
• unterliegt GeschäftsbedingungenEnglish-German correspondence dictionary > subject to our general terms and conditions
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14 Pasley, General Sir Charles William
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 8 September 1780 Eskdalemuir, Dumfriesshire, Scotlandd. 19 April 1861 London, England[br]Scottish Colonel-Commandant, Royal Engineers.[br]At first he was educated by Andrew Little of Lan-gholm. At the age of 14 he was sent to school at Selkirk, where he stayed for two years until joining the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich in August 1796. He was commissioned as Second Lieutenant in the Royal Artillery and transferred to the Royal Engineers on 1 April 1798. He served at Minorca, Malta, Naples, Sicily, Calabria and in the siege of Copenhagen and in other campaigns. He was promoted First Captain in 1807, and was on the staff of Sir John Moore at the battle of Coruna. He was wounded at the siege of Flushing in 1809 and was invalided for a year, employing his time in learning German.In November 1810 he published his Essay on Military Policy and Institutions of the British Empire, which ran through four editions. In 1811 he was in command of a company of Royal Military Artificers at Plymouth and there he devised a method of education by which the NCOs and troops could teach themselves without "mathematical masters". His system was a great success and was adopted at Chatham and throughout the corps. In 1812 he was appointed Director of the School of Military Engineering at Chatham. He remained at Chatham until 1841, when he was appointed Inspector-General of Railways. During this period he organized improved systems of sapping, mining, telegraphing, pontooning and exploding gunpowder on land or under water, and prepared pamphlets and courses of instruction in these and other subjects. In May 1836 he started what is probably the most important work for which he is remembered. This, was a book on Limes, Calcareous Cements, Mortar, Stuccos and Concretes. The general adoption of Joseph Aspdin's Portland Cement was largely due to Pasley's recommendation of the material.He was married twice: first in 1814 at Chatham to Harriet Cooper; and then on 30 March 1819 at Rochester to Martha Matilda Roberts, with whom he had six children— she died in 1881.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKGB 1846. FRS 1816. Honorary DCL, Oxford University 1844.Bibliography1810, Essay on Military Policy and Institutions of the British Empire. Limes, Calcareous Cements, Mortar, Stuccos and Concretes.Further ReadingPorter, History of the Corps of Royal Engineers. DNB. Proceedings of the Royal Society.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Pasley, General Sir Charles William
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15 Boxer, Major-General Edward Mourrier
SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour[br]b. February 1822d. 11 January 1897 Isle of Wight, England[br]English Ammunition designer and inventor of the brass, fully obturating cartridge case.[br]Commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1839, Boxer's flair for the technical aspects of gunnery led to his appointment, at the early age of 33, as Superintendent of the Laboratory at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. He was able to devote his attention to the design of more effective shells, cartridges and fuses, with his greatest achievement being the invention, in 1866, of the Boxer cartridge, which had a case made of brass and a percussion cap set into the base. The real significance of the cartridge was that for the first time the chamber could be fully sealed, by way of the propellant gases expanding the case against the chamber wall, with the result that effective weapon range and accuracy could be dramatically increased. His achievement was recognized when Parliament voted a special financial grant, and the Boxer cartridge is still in wide use today. Boxer was promoted Colonel in 1868 and retired the following year as an honorary Major-General.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1858.Bibliography1855, Treatise on Artillery. Prepared for the Use of the Practical Class, Royal Military Academy, London: Eyre \& Spottiswode.1858, Diagrams to Illustrate the Service and Management of Heavy Ordnance Referredto in Treatise on Artillery, London: Eyre \& Spottiswode.CMBiographical history of technology > Boxer, Major-General Edward Mourrier
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16 Shrapnel, General Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour[br]b. 3 June 1761 Bradford-on-Avon, Englandd. 13 March 1842 Southampton, England[br]English professional soldier and inventor of shrapnel ammunition.[br]The youngest of nine children, Shrapnel was commissioned into the Royal Artillery in July 1779. His early military service was in Newfoundland and it was on his return to England in 1784 that he began to interest himself in artillery ammunition. His particular concern was to develop a round that would be more effective against infantry than the existing solid cannon-ball and canister round. The result was a hollow, spherical shell filled with lead musket balls and fitted with a bursting charge and fuse. His development of the shell was interrupted by active service in the Low Countries in 1793–4, during which he was wounded, and duty in the West Indies. Nevertheless, in 1803 the British Army adopted his shell, which during the next twelve years played a significant part on the battlefield.In 1804 Shrapnel was appointed Assistant Inspector of Artillery and made further contributions to the science of gunnery, drawing up a series of range tables to improve accuracy of fire, inventing the brass tangent slide for better sighting of guns, and improving the production of howitzers and mortars by way of the invention of parabolic chambers. His services were recognized in 1814 by a Treasury grant of £1,200 per annum for life. He was promoted Major-General in 1819 and appointed a Colonel-Commandant of the Royal Artillery in 1827, and in the 1830s there was talk of him being made a baronet, but nothing came of it. Shrapnel remains a current military term, although modern bursting shells rely on the fragmentation of the casing of the projectile for their effect rather than his original concept of having shot inside them.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsColonel-Commandant of the Royal Artillery 1827.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography, 1897, Vol. 52, London: Smith, Elder.CMBiographical history of technology > Shrapnel, General Henry
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17 Waterhouse, Major-General James
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1841d. 28 September 1922[br]English military man and photographer.[br]Waterhouse spent most of his career in the Indian Army. In 1861–2 he was commissioned to photograph the tribes of central India, and over the next few years visited many parts of the subcontinent. In November 1866, after working for five months in the Great Trigonometrical Survey learning the process of photozincography (an early photomechanical process used chiefly for map making), he took charge of photographic operations at the Surveyor-General's office in Calcutta, a post he held until retiring in 1897. During this time he developed many improvements in the photomechanical methods used for reproduction in his office. He also experimented with methods of colour-sensitizing photographic materials, experimenting with eosine dye and publishing in 1875 the fact that this made silver halide salts sensitive to yellow light. He also discovered that gelatine dry plates could be made sensitive to red and infra-red illumination by treatment with alizarine blue solution.He continued his researches upon his retirement and return to England in 1897, and made a special study of the early history of the photographic process. His work on dye sensitizing brought him the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society, and the Vienna Photographic Society awarded him the Voigtländer Medal for researches in scientific photography. One invention often erroneously attributed to him is the Waterhouse stop, the use of a series of perforated plates as a means of adjusting the aperture of a photographic lens. This was described in 1858 by a John Waterhouse, being his only contribution to photography.BCBiographical history of technology > Waterhouse, Major-General James
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18 Dunwoody, General Henry H.C.
[br]fl. c.1906 USA[br]American soldier and engineer noted for his discovery of the carborundum radio-signal detector.[br]An associate of Lee De Forest, Henry Dunwoody discovered in 1906 that the newly invented material silicon carbide (SiC) could be used as a solid-state detector of radio waves. His invention was patented in the UK on 23 March 1906.[br]Bibliography23 March 1906, British patent no. 5,332 (use of silicon carbide as a solid-state detector of radio waves).Further ReadingG.G.Blake, 1926, History of Telegraphy and Telephony, London: Radio Press. See also Branly, Edouard Eugène.KFBiographical history of technology > Dunwoody, General Henry H.C.
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19 a general view of the subject
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20 da'if (One of the three general categories of hadiths; it includes those whose text or transmitters are subject to serious criticism)
Религия: даифУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > da'if (One of the three general categories of hadiths; it includes those whose text or transmitters are subject to serious criticism)
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subject — sub•ject n., adj. [[t]ˈsʌb dʒɪkt[/t]] v. [[t]səbˈdʒɛkt[/t]] n. 1) that which forms a basic matter of thought, discussion, investigation, etc 2) edu a branch of knowledge as a course of study 3) a motive, cause, or ground: a subject for… … From formal English to slang
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